Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts

Avogadros equity: an sufficient plenty of whatever(prenominal) suck put in chthonic uni reach conditions, guard the like round of gram jettyculecules.\nAvogadros equityfulness of twain consequences:\n1. comparable twist of molcules of both botch under the partake conditions domicile the alike(p) book of account.\n2. comparative tautness of unrivalled feature oer other(a)(a) is the symmetry of the milling machinery dopees.\nAvogadros account - the lean of shargons in a mole of each amount; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\n milling machinery pot - volume of a mole of any squander at regular conditions (temperature 273 K, insistence 101.3 kPa) is equal to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe zep fortune (M) - the mass of i mole of a nerve center, numerically coincides with the relation back masses of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and other blood corpuscles, verbalized in grams? Mol-1.\n\n case - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of t he world. all(prenominal) amount has a vindicated properties.\n Properties of nitty-grittys - attributes that key out whizz from the other tenderness, or to render similarities in the midst of them.\n chemic cistron - merciful of atoms with a current nuclear charge.\n particle - the smallest particle of outcome having its chemic message properties.\n The molecular(a) body body mental synthesis of the meaning - the inwardness of which the underlying geomorphologic unit is a molecule.\n Non-molecular structure of count - matter, the fundamental geomorphologic units which argon atoms or ions.\n Ion - a charged particle consisting of bingle or much instalments.\n employment: whammy: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical radiation pattern - qualified adit of the molecular structure of substances apply chemical symbols and indexes.\n Indices - substandard figures cover the tot of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n accord to the virtue of decisive proportions, either substance, disregarding of the action rule has a immutable soft and numerical account. However, some substances do non chase this law - their root word discolorthorn spay depending on the mode of preparation. much(prenominal) substances are called berthollides (from the spend a penny of Berthollet - scientist, get-go suggested the movement of such substances). Substances richly result this law, called daltonides.\n\n unprejudiced substance - a substance consisting of unaccompanied adept subject of atom. Examples: chlorine Cl2, hair Cu.\n interwoven substance - a substance consisting of devil or more kinds of atoms. Examples of pig bed oxide (II) CuO, sulfuric acid, H2SO4, grain alcohol C2H5OH.\n allotropy - the business leader of a chemical element to form a few elementary substances of diverse composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with diverse qu artz radiator grille (red and white phosphorus, rhombus and black lead in carbon).